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Jewish Americans Stand on Isreal and Palestin Conflict Essay

The aim of this study was to explore among a sample of Jewish Americans the prevalence of beliefs associated with intractable conflict and to test the role of different beliefs in predicting individuals’ support for a compromise solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. We found that the Jewish Americans we sampled tended to agree with a sense of collective victimhood and the Jewish Israeli narrative on the conflict. On the other hand they tended to disagree with the Palestinian narrative on the conflict and with statements that dehumanized the Palestinians and on average did not frame the conflict in terms of a zero-sum game. Jewish Americans in our sample tended to fall in the middle in terms of their endorsement of compromise†¦show more content†¦It also appears that when controlling for variance explained by demographic variables and attachment to Israel, education level emerges as a predictor for rejection of peaceful solutions. Individuals who are mor e educated were more likely to refuse concessions to the Palestinians. This finding can per- haps be explained by the influence of millions of dollars invested in engaging Jewish college students with Israeli culture and the Israeli view of the conflict; thus spending more time informal education leads to more refusal to compromise with the Palestinians (Beinart, 2010, 2012). The central focus of this study was the question of which belief suggested by theorists best predicts individuals’ support for or rejection of peaceful solutions to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Our findings are in line with previous research from Israel that suggests that dehumanization and a zero-sum view on the conflict serve an important role in predicting individuals’ support for the perpetuation of conflict (Halperin et al., 2008; Halperin Bar-Tal, 2011; Hammack et al., 2011; Maoz Eidelson, 2007; Maoz McCauley, 2005, 2008). Importantly, our study contributes an additional novel predictor to the current literature based on our operationalization of a monolithic narrative on the conflict. The monolithic narrative variable, which is based on the level of acceptance of the Jewish narrative on the conflict (i.e., â€Å"we intend to live in peace but we must continually defend

Topic Tourism Free Essays

Essay on topic â€Å"Tourism†. Tourism is becoming increasingly important as a source of revenue to many countries bit its disadvantages should not be overlooked. What are some of the problems of tourism? Often, people are surprised when they hear that the tourism industry has problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Topic Tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indeed, many perceive tourism as a fascinating kind of rest that allows changing of scenery and lifestyle for a while. Whatever it was, tourism has not only advantages, but also disadvantages, such as pollution of the environment, the problems of population and security.The biggest problem of tourism is air and land pollution. In fact, the more people visiting the country, the more debris could be found there. Tourists go on picnics and visit the monuments and landmarks and everywhere leave trash behind them. Also, tourists often use transport: rent cars or use buses. All this transport produces many different toxic substances that pollute the air. The second problem of fast growing tourism is the problem of population. Some cities, which are very popular for tourists, are not big enough for the number of people, who visit them every year. Because of this, there is a problem of placing these people. Hotels are being built for tourists on the places that once used to be forests or parks.. There are crowds on the streets and traffic jams on the roads. The last problem of tourism, which affects this essay, is a security problem. Moreover, this problem concerns both tourists and indigenous people. After all, a tourist is an easy target for fraudsters and thieves as they are in unfamiliar territory and very often do not know the local language. They are very easy to be cheated or robbed. On the other hand, many criminals are among tourists. because they are in this country permanently, and they are very difficult to catch. In conclusion, tourism is very important sector for many countries. But we should not disregard and its shortcomings. And governments should try to find a solution to these problems; otherwise they can inflict great damage to those countries. How to cite Topic Tourism, Papers

Strategy Choice and Implementation Report of Coca-Cola Great Britain C

Question: Discuss about the Strategy Choice and Implementation Report of Coca-Cola Great Britain Company. Answer: Background of Coca-Cola Company Coca-cola Company is a public traded company that manufactures beverages. The company has its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia in the United States of America. The company was founded in the year 1886. Currently, the company manufactures products for the world market. It has it presence in all world countries except Cuba and North Korea. The company is lead by Muhtar Kent who is the Chairman and CEO. James Quincy is the president and COO of the company (Coca-Cola Great Britain, 2009). Coca Cola is a leading beverages manufacturer that has diversified over time to accommodate changes and development in the society. The Company famous brand is coca cola which is the oldest and led to the starting of the company. The company also produces other brands like Fanta, sprite, Limca, Minute Maid etc. The company has the strongest brand recognition in the world. It has 94% recognition from the world population on the red and white logo of coke brand. In this report, coca cola brand has been discussed to identify it strategy and evaluate implementation process to conclude and recommend on it appropriateness (Curtis, 2005). The coca cola Great Britain has 18brands. These are contained in 82 different drinks that are sold to the British market. These drinks are Coca Cola, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Life, Coke Zero, Sprite and Fanta. These products are packed in a variety of aluminum cans, plastic bottles and glasses. This subsidiary serves the United Kingdom and Western Europe market (Bromley and Meyer, 2015). The company has a mission of refreshing the world, inspiring moments and create value that makes difference through its products and actions. The company envisions that it will be a great place of work, manufacture quality beverages that satisfy customers needs, nurture a good relationship with suppliers and customers, be a responsible to earth and support sustainability to people around it, maximizes shareholders returns and be effective in order to be a fast moving organization (Coca-colacompany.com., 2016). Identification and evaluation of the chosen strategy One brand Strategy The company has continuously differentiated it products to serve specific niche in the market. From the one know product, the company differentiated the features to serve the changing needs of the society. This has led to the same product being sold under different brand names. For instance, due to changing society as a result of health disease caused by consumption of sugar, the company came up with a coke drink that was sugar free. The diversification of coke drink in Great Britain has taken four form; Diet Coke, Coca Cola Life and Coco Cola Zero Sugar. Despite these diversified brands of Coke, the original Coca-Cola Classic brand is still maintained. This strategy has enabled the company maintain its market share and increase return despite the changing society. Consumers who have become health conscious or are suffering obesity are served by the company in a differentiated brand that is manufactured in their specificity (Bromley and Meyer, 2015). This way, consumers will be able to make choice easier and simpler. This strategy will unite the entire coke brand In the past, CCGB has been advertising these Coke brands separately. Each brand was being promoted separated with different tailored made promotional marketing messages and channeled differently. This activity of creating awareness for the differentiated brands in media and other promotional channels has proven to be expensive for the company. Following a research that has been made by the research and development department of the company showed that consumers did not understand the options available to them. It established that despite the companys effort to make different promotional messages for different brands, consumers didnt differentiate brands on accounts of specific needs. Therefore, it not economical to generally continue with different promotional messages for different brands instead concentrates on one brand promotion. This led to formulation of the one brand strategy for the coke beverages in Great Britain. The company aims to use this one brand promotional message to promote all other differentiated brands. The strategy will market all the brands under one promotional message. Suitability of the one brand strategy The one brand strategy is as a result of lack of awareness from the intended consumers. The efforts of the company to offer tailored made promotional message for individual brand now narrowed to one brand. This strategy when implemented will have different implications to company and consumers. Though the new promotional strategy will capture the four brands, it will be general and not specific as tailored before. In order to evaluate the suitability of the strategy undertaken by CCGB, SWOT analysis, PESTLE analysis and Strategic goals have been discussed. Strategic goals for one brand strategy The strategic goal of one brand strategy id uniting the distinct brands so that they can benefit from superior and established brands. One brand approach strategy will unite the coke brands. The four distinct brands will be promoted under one Coca Cola name in the market. It is aimed that the low or no sugar brands will gain popularity by closer association with classic. Therefore, the company will be able to increase its sales for no or little sugar brands in Great Britain. This will be enable the company to reach it long term goal of 50% sales to be from lower or no sugar by 2020 (Coca-colacompany.com., 2016). In order to reach the strategic goal, the company is to make the following changes: All packaging will highlight important information of all distinct br5ands The Coke advert will showcase all the brands The Coke TV promotional messages will display all the brands at the end. All the cans and bottles of distinct brands will be of the same size and style differentiated by colors. Doubling the advertising budget for lower and no sugar brands ponsoring an international event of Rugby (Wang, 2015). SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis considers the companys strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats at the time of strategy formulation and implementation. The Coca Cola Great Britain Company situation for the implementation of the strategy was as follows; Strengths Large market share: The Company has the largest market share in Great Britain market. The company is market leader in relation it competitors. This gives the company ability to reach a large mass of beverage consumers in the market. Customer loyalty: The Company enjoys a customer loyalty that it has created over years. Customers know the company brand and have preference to it products. Therefore, it can be said that the company enjoys freedom to make internal changes without losing customers (Curtis, 2005). High brand equity: The Companys Coca Cola brand enjoys the highest brand equity. This is because of it vast presence in the markets. It trade mark which is unique gives it a high brand equity. It was named as the highest valued trademark by Blumeyer in 2008 in the world. Availability of resources .The Company has an enough resources that it has accumulated over time. The company is able to finance it manufacturing and promotional activities without running risk of liquidation. This enables the company to engage in any profitable strategy despite initial spending. Good distribution channels: The Company has well established distribution channels throughout Britain. This facilitates the marketing process since the companys products are able to reach the intended consumers at the right timely and in the right form (Morris, 2005). Weaknesses Unable to contain Pepsi: The Company is not able to contain it main competitor Pepsi. The company is has no structure to prevent Pepsi from continued competition in the market. This forms a weakness in the company that can lead to tremendous decline in the companys sales. Therefore, the company should incorporate this factor when deciding on the appropriateness of the one brand strategy (Bhasin, 2016) Developing negative publicity: Due to increasing health conscious, carbonated drinks are highly blamed. Coca Cola being the largest producer of carbonated drinks in the market makes it a concern. Increased obesity in the society can be directly blamed to the company (Toryanik, 2016). Therefore, the company faces this factor has a weakness which can negatively influence it market performance and efforts are needed to prevent it advancement. Opportunities Market segmentation: the company has an opportunity of further segmenting the beverage market. The company can be able to target and win more consumers by producing more healthy products. This gives the company an opportunity of growth by pursuing the marketing of lower or no sugar products. Improvement of the supply chains: There is an opportunity of improving the supply chain in the distribution of Coke products in Britain. The efficiency in the supply chain can enable cost reduction which can lead to more return margins for the company. Threats Emerging indirect competitors: Coke beverages are facing indirect competition from other products such as tea and coffee that offer refreshing beverages to the same market. These competitors lower the market demand for Coke brands. Therefore, the market performances of Coke brands face a threat from increasing demand for indirect competing products. PESTLE Analysis This strategic tool analysis the political, economical, social, legal and environmental factors that affect the business when the strategy is formulated or being implemented. They are as follows; Political: This is the national political environments. It refers to regulations and legislation from the governments of the day. The government influences how the manufacturing process will be carried out. They set standards and when the company declines to a bid, it fined by the government. These includes labeling and ingredients used in manufacture or packaging of the product. Coke product fall under food category and therefore is regulated by Food Standards regulations (Morris, 2005). Therefore, the United Kingdom government regulations on food and beverage regulation will set the minimum requirements for the manufacture and tailoring of the promotional message. It is therefore the responsibility of CCGB to adhere to these regulations and submit taxes to avoid being inconvenienced. Economical Analysis This analysis refers to the economic performances that will either favor the strategy implementation or limit the effectiveness of the strategy. These factors are changes in income, inflation, interest rates or costs of inputs. These factors cause changes in demand and supply of the companys products. When economical factors increase consumers purchasing power, they lead to increased demand that increase the companys sales for the period. Therefore, these are macro factors that would affect one brand strategy and are behold the companys control. The company depends on forecasts to predict the likelihood of their occurrences and change accordingly. The company strives to maintain a low cost strategy in it production processes in order to be flexible in case of change in economic performances. Social Analysis This factor involves the people in their societies. They refer to changes in cultures over time. People continue to evolve that lead to change in lifestyles. When lifestyles change, people tend to change what they consume. The society at large in Britain has continuously changed in terms of eating habits and has become more health conscious over time. Therefore, there is a shift of taste and preference to more healthy diets. This necessitates companies to incorporate health factor in their products. Technological Analysis These are factors that lead to advancement in production methods and how business transactions are carried out. They increase efficiency in the business and whenever a company fails to adopt them, it gives their competitors a competitive edge. Therefore, technology is an important aspect in the business. The CCGB Company should embrace technology to lower it production costs and increase the effectiveness of marketing activities. Following the widespread of internet, the company should embark on promotional activities that reach mass customers at the lowest cost. Evaluation of the Strategy implementation Issues of One Brand Strategy This process involves the questioning of the implementation process to establish effectiveness of the implementation process to meet the strategic goal for the specified periods of time (Thompson Martin, 2010). The evaluation of implementation of one brand strategy by CCGB is based on how the implementation process ensured that the planned changes are effectively adopted and are achieving the intended goal. The implementation process determines the success of strategic plan. Therefore it how well the implementation process follows the strategic plan that determines the success or failure of the strategy. The CCGB strategic goal aims at uniting the four brands and offer support by gaining associates from established brand. The implementation process will be evaluated on the link to budget, employees and managers and the strategy. The benchmark of evaluation is the desired goal of the strategy and the proposed changes to be made. It is evident from the proposed changes that the CCGB has laid a double marketing budget for the year. This budget ensures that there are funds to market the lower or no sugar Coke drinks in the country. The budget will ensure that promotional activities are aggressive and of good quality to influence preferences of the targeted audiences. The employees are the ones who make the strategic changes and therefore are in the central point of the implementation of the strategy. Employees manufacture products and need to be linked to the strategy through incentives to facilitate their contribution to the strategy (Sekhar, 2012.). The involvement of employees is important for the effectiveness of the implementation process of the strategy. The marketing team that will create the promotional message should be motivated to enhance their effectiveness in implementing the strategic goal of the company (Deng , 2012). The other factor that will be used to evaluate the implementation process of the one brand strategy is the link between the managers and the strategy. This will involve the structure that the management will offer for implementation of the strategy. Managers are supposed to offer leadership in the organization to ensure that the strategy is implemented as indicated in the plan (Sadler, 2003). Therefore, managers have a responsibility to ensuring that the strategy is effectively implemented. The managers of CCGB will be required to institute structures that promote the adoption of the outlined changes. The managers are also required to design the reward for employees to motivate employees during the process of strategy implementation. Key Issues in One Brand Strategy and it Implementation Process Brand Association: The Company on brand strategy is meant to increase awareness of the differentiated brands by uniting it to be in one brand of Coca Cola. Since Coca Cola is an established brand, target audience will receive the whole information about the four distinct brands the same time. This will help the brands that are not known to be in the limelight in association with the known brand hence informing target consumers of their existence. This was as a result of targeted consumers not aware of the existence of their tailored made drinks of coke. Therefore, the strategy will inform consumers of the variety offered by the company. Health: Due to the developing consciousness of health by the UK society, it important for the company to focus on delivering products that matches their needs. It critical for the Company to consider the societys needs and work on satisfying them by providing products that match specific needs (Graham and Dodd, 2004). Due to increased obesity in the society, the company should be cautious to avoid being blamed for supplying customers with products that have high carioles and sugar. Therefore, having a promotional message for all brands under one umbrella that covers the whole story will enlighten consumers and refer them to products that best serve their needs. Recommendations For the effectiveness of the one brand strategy, the following is recommended; The promotional message should be educative: The message used to advertise the Coca Cola brand should be educative. This will increase the appropriateness of the message by giving the required information to make information. Educative message will give knowledge to the target consumers of different segment hence adopting their respective brand. Involvement in Corporate social responsibilities activities: This will help the company create a positive publicity in a society faced will lifestyle diseases. This will create a relationship between the company and the society. In this process, the company can exchange their informative messages about the different brands and their intended customers (Jeyarathnam, 2008). Use of salespersons for marketing: This inclusion will allow personal appeal in the process of promoting companies products. Consumers will be able to ask questions and get immediate answers. This will increase understanding among consumers of different segments. Conclusion From the evaluation of the one brand strategy of CCGB Company, it clear that the effectiveness of a strategy does not only depend on the formulation of a good strategy but also the effectiveness of the implementation process. The strategy formulated should always have specific, measurable, realistic and attainable goals. This enables the company to adopt the strategy and change for the benefits of the organization. It also shows that the strategic goal should be in line with the companys long term objective. It should serve a part of the long term objective for the attainment of the companys vision. This way, the company will be able to be flexible and change accordingly with the changing macro factors thereby securing it survival in the future. References Bromley, P., Meyer, J. W. (2015). Hyper-organization: Global organizational expansion Bhasin, H. (2016). Marketing strategy of Coca cola - Coca cola strategy. Marketing91.com. Retrieved 9 October 2016, from https://www.marketing91.com/marketing-strategy-of-coca-cola/ Blumeyer .M. (2008.). The Paradox of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). SSRN Electronic Journal. Retrived 9 October 2016, from https://www.paradoxmarketefficiency.com/managingtommorrow/ Coca-Cola Great Britain. (2009). Coca-Cola Great Britain responsible marketing charter: A refreshed approach. Great Britain: Coca-Cola Great Britain. Coca-colacompany.com. (2016). Mission, Vision Values. The Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved 9 October 2016, from https://www.coca-colacompany.com/our-company/mission-vision-values Curtis, J. (2005). Superbrands: An insight into some of Britain's strongest brands 2005. London: Superbrands Ltd. Deng M. (2012). Implementation of Strategies In Contemporary Organization . ASRN Electronic Journal. Fama E. (2001). The Behavior of Stock Market Prices: Journal of Business. 38: 34105 Graham B. and Dodd D . (2004). Forecasting Results Strategically . McGraw-Hill. Jeyarathnam, M. (2008). Strategic management. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. House. Malkiel B. (2003). Response: The Efficient Market Hypothesis. Science, 244(4911), pp.1424-1425. MOBILISING NETWORKS TO ACHIEVE STRATEGIIC DIFFERENCE. (2002). Long Range Planning, 35(6), 565. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-6301(02)00162-0 Morris, D. (2005). A new tool for strategy analysis: the opportunity model. Journal Of Business Strategy, 26(3), 50-56. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02756660510597100 Sadler, P. (2003). Strategic management. Sterling, VA: Kogan Page. Saloner, G., Shepard, A., Podolny, J. (2001). Strategic management. New York: John Wiley. TSekhar, G. V. S. (2012.). Business policy and strategic management. S.l.: I K International Publi Toryanik, E. (2016). Assessing coke readiness: A response. Coke And Chemistry, 59(5), 204-206. https://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x16050069 Thompson, J. L., Martin, F. (2010). Strategic management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Uk.coca-cola. (2016). Retrived on 9 October 2016 from Coca- cola.co.uk.https://www.coca-cola.co.uk/stories/coca-cola-one-brand-marketing-strategy Wang, M. (2015). Brief Analysis of Sports Marketing Strategy Adopted by Coca Cola Company. Asian Social Science, 11(23). Retrived on 9 October 2016 from https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n23p22

Hedda Gabler Essays (349 words) - Hedda Gabler, Hedda, Gabler

Hedda Gabler A Craving for Life In Henrik Isben's Hedda Gabler, he masterfully portrays the main character, Hedda, as neither a monster nor a saint?[she] is simply a tragic character who is destroyed by the unharmonious and irreconcilable contrasts in her own character. Ultimately, this very unique character brings about her own demise. She is truly neither good nor evil, but in the end, this tragic character inevitably digs her own grave. Isben first expresses Hedda's emotional sterility by showing how she is unable to reciprocate in a relationship. Like a young child, she can only receive without knowing how to give in return. Without reciprocating she accepts George's love and support. Later on, when Lovberg recalls his previous relationship with Hedda, he describes how she extracted detailed confessions from him yet withheld her own inner emotions and revelations. This highly intense interest with the lives of others is another aspect of her empty emotional life. While at the same time of investigating and analyzing other people's lives is one way for Hedda to gain some understanding of her own unsatisfied self, she ultimately reveals that she herself is very frail, fragile, and self-centered. It is this indeed that puts Hedda on her path to a tragic destruction, a path that is being taken rather quickly. Another way in which Isben portrays Hedda's contrast in her own character is through Hedda's destroying the manuscript in Act III. In destroying the manuscript, she inevitably kills the child she was unable to bear for Lovborg. By destroying that work of others that she should have accomplished herself, Hedda also destroys those constant reminders of her own inadequacies. Symbolically denying the life works of others, Hedda affirms her own unsatisfied sense of worth. Not having any positive influence in the world, Hedda Gabler can only define herself negatively: she destroys what she cannot accept. Undermining her husband with her coldness, denying her pregnancy, destroying Thea's life work, burning Lovborg's creative product, ruining the child manuscript, and finally, committing suicide, are all perverted attempts to satisfy her tragic craving for life. English Essays

The Beautiful, the Sublime, and the Picturesque

The Beautiful, the Sublime, and the Picturesque The beautiful, the sublime, and the picturesque are three key concepts in aesthetics and philosophy of art. Together, they help to map the variety of aesthetically significant experiences. The differentiation among the three concepts took place in seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds, and is still to these days of some significance, despite the difficulty in pinning down each of the three concepts. The Beautiful The beautiful is a widely employed term, referring typically to aesthetic experiences that are pleasing, while to some extent transcending preferences and needs that are specific to an individual. That is, the experience of something beautiful will please a subject for reasons that reach beyond the subjective inclinations of the subject and that can be experienced also by many - some maintain all - other subjects. It is debated whether the appreciation of beauty rests primarily on a sensory experience of an object of an event, as empiricists maintain, or rather on an appreciation of the object or event that requires understanding, as rationalists maintain. The Sublime The sublime, on the other hand, is a transformative experience typically associated with some negative pleasure and elicited by the encounter of an object or situation whose quantity transcends the limits of our actual grasp. Imagine contemplating the sea, or the sky, an immense quantity of garbage, or a mesmerizing infinite series of numbers: all those experiences can, potentially, elicit the idea of the sublime. To aesthetic theorists of late seventeenth hundreds, the sublime was a crucial concept. By means of it, they explained why it is possible to have aesthetic experiences that are associated with some degree of discomfort or, in the most remarkable cases, to awe. Beauty, they claimed, is nothing like this. In beauty, we do not experience negative feelings and our aesthetic appreciation is not mysteriously associated with that which is experienced. Indeed, the experience of the sublime gives rise to a paradox of the sublime: we find aesthetic reward in having an experience that, at once, we associate with some negative form of pleasure.It has been debated whether the sublime can be elicited by natural objects or by natural phenomena. In mathematics, we encounter the idea of infinity, which may elicit the idea of the sublime. In phantasy or mystery stories we may experience the sublime too, because of what deliberately remains untold. All of those experiences, however, depend on some human craft. But, can nature elicit the idea of the sublime? The Picturesque To make room for a sui generis aesthetic experience of natural objects or phenomena, the category of picturesque was introduced. The picturesque is not indefinite, and yet it allows for some vagueness as to that which elicits the aesthetic response. The view of the Grand Canyon or the view of the ruins of ancient Rome can elicit a picturesque response. We can place some boundaries to that which we are experiencing, and yet the aesthetic worth of the scenery is not attributable to any specific element, which we may term as beautiful.In this three-partition of aesthetic experiences, then, the experience of beauty is the most defined and, perhaps, the most secure. Sublime and Picturesque will be cherished by the adventurous. They are crucial in pinpointing the aesthetic specificity of certain types of literature, music, movies, and visual art.

1. Are social networking Web sites appropriate for teenagers Or should Essay

1. Are social networking Web sites appropriate for teenagers Or should their access to such Web sites be restricted - Essay Example It is even appropriate for teenagers if they use it wisely, and should not be restricted. One of the major concerns relating to social networking websites is that teenagers without realizing it a public domain, post personal information. Parents especially are concerned about teenagers posting personal information such as sexual behaviors, religious orientation, violent information and substance abuse for the public to read. They become prey to pedophiles and other adults who can direct them towards negative social behaviors and lifestyles. However, according to Dr. Moreno, an assistant professor of pediatrics at University of Wisconsin-Madison (Gordon), such information can be used by parents and others who are concerned about teenagers to communicate with them. They can email teenagers to inform and guide them how to remedy risky behaviors and substance abuse. Another major concern regarding teenage access to social networking web sites is its impact on the teenagers in the future. Around 90 percent of teenagers in the United States have access to the Internet (Gordon) among which 55 percent have used social networks with online profiles. The majority of the profiles belong to older teenage girls registered with sites like MySpace and Facebook (Madden). Since these teenagers use the web sites to connect with friends, make new friends and flirt around, they generally maintain a casual attitude towards their personal information. Parents are concerned about the impact such information lying in public domain have on their future careers and life. But such concerns are also baseless because Maddens survey indicates that teenagers today are wiser than before. They have restricted access to their profiles and only let those who they are acquainted with to view them. These aspects lead the author to conclude that social networking web sites are not such a threat to teenagers as adults believe them to be. With a wise approach and

Sustainability in Food production and fair trade Essay

Sustainability in Food production and fair trade - Essay Example It also increases inequality in the distribution of wealth and income. Secondly, at the community level, discontinuing the food supply and food production expansion has varied effects such as loss of productive employment to the local communities in the agro ecological zones. Thirdly, national level suffers. The nutritional status of citizens may be affected, cut foreign exchange earnings from agriculture, divert country’s resources to import food and may frustrate a nation and prevent her from exploiting comparative advantage. In addition, it brings about uncertainty as the levels of agricultural investment decreases. According to Chadwick and Marsh (61), despite the increase in food production per person in the world, most countries especially those in the sub – Saharan Africa have in the recent decades faced the challenges brought about by production fall in foodstuff. The world food problem has been attributed to the changes of production, income, growth, demand and trade. Fair Trade Issues According to Zaccai (15), fair trade refers to partnership between traders and the producers wrapped under equality and fairness. In most cases, traders are based in the developed countries while the producers are in the underdeveloped or even developing countries.

Suicides linked to bullied victims Research Paper

Suicides linked to bullied victims - Research Paper Example Many innocent lives have been lost owing to this problem of bullying and these precious lives could have been saved if proper intervention and help was provided for these issues. Bullying can be defined as acts of aggression which tend to humiliate the victim through every possible mean. According to Olweus, ‘A student is being bullied or victimized when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other students’ (Olweus 2001 p 5-6). Thus, bullying is basically a means of degrading a person to an extent that he may lose his confidence and morale and tend to consider options like suicide as the only solution. Different incidents have marked the severity of this act of bullying. Innocent young teenagers have died due to being the victims of humiliation. The examples of Tylor Cementi who was an 18 year old boy and Phoebe Prince who was a 15 year old girl serve as eye openers to highlight the issue of bullying. Tylor Cementi was a bright and intelligent boy who enrolled new in his university. Cementi was a homosexual and his sexual orientation was used as a point to bully him. His colleagues plotted against him and made a video of his private encounter with his homosexual partner. They then posted it on the internet which served to publicize a private encounter of Clementi. The young boy could not face this humiliation and he found it easier to submit him to death rather than face this embarrassment. He jumped off a bridge and committed suicide. The suicide of Tylor Clementi was a tragic incident and it was an example of cyberspace bullying. It left a great impact (Schwartz 2011). Phoebe Prince enrolled new in her school, South Hadley High School  after she moved from Ireland to the United States with her family. She became the target of the bullies and had to undergo severe pressure and mental exertion. She was bullied for three months in her school by different means which include calling her with names as well as physical harassment by the bullies. They used to give her disgracing names to humiliate her. The social networking sites served as another way to further bully Phoebe and to further publicly humiliate her. She finally could not face the pressure and gave up her race of life and committed suicide. Her death came as a shock and it served a great effect owing to the fact her suicide had just shortly followed the suicide of another young boy of 11 years in a school located in close vicinity to South Hadley High School. Serious notice of the incident was taken by the governing body in the state of Massachusetts which started formulating plans for the passage of laws to check into matters of bullying. The school also started to consider the issue seriously and started working towards creation of bodies to tackle the issue of bullying (Eckholm and Zezima 2010). Strong correlations and links between suicide and bullying have been reported. There has been an alarming rise in the suicide rate throughout the world. It is analyzed that amongst youth suicide ranks as the third reason of death. The CDC reports that 4400 deaths can attributed to suicide annually. Students who are enrolled in high school show very high levels of suicide and it has been analyzed that 7 percent of these students have actually tried to commit suicide. A research conducted by the Yale

Enhancements of IC Engines in Real-world Conditions

Enhancements of IC Engines in Real-world Conditions   Aatif Shaik, Aditya Upadhyaya R, Gowtham,  K N, Sachin B N Abstract – Optimizing engine performance of IC Engines is a very shady field. Other than reputed companies Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), who publish their reports, the rest of the industry does not throw much light into aftermarket modification field. As an end-user, a customer wanting to optimize his vehicle in terms of power, mileage usability is often mislead into buying products modifying his automobile that will produce no useful gains. This mini-project will be done on 2-wheeler motorcycles ranging from 150cc-350cc. It aims at bridging the gap between the products and the end-user’s knowledge of it. It will take on many such optimizing/modifying techniques, such as installing air-filters, spark plugs, exhaust systems, engine oils etc., and try to demystify what is actually happening there for the use of the said end-user. This mini-project will involve testing of various parameters of an engine, such as Brake Horse Power, Torque, Exhaust Emissions, Inlet Manifold Pressure etc., of a completely stock Engine. It is again tested after modifications for the same parameters. The results are then compared to give an outline of the effect of the modification. Each modification is done separately for the results to be completely independent of each other. All of the tests are conducted in real-world conditions, so as to ensure the reliability of the result. The final report (end of the project work) will give a much needed clarity on the modifications; will also comment on the safety of using such techniques and its cost effectiveness for the end-user. Market Situation – In a stock motorcycle (factory-made, unmodified), it is so designed that the whole system is as generic as possible. That is, it is supposed to be appropriate for a wide-band of end-users. Taking this line, the manufacturers tune down most of the engine parameters in favour of mileage fuel efficiency, as these are the two major parameters that an end-user looks while buying the automobile. As time passes, the user, who now is accustomed to the automobile, might feel the need to enhance and optimize his automobile. He therefore researches about all the modifications that he can do to his automobiles, so as to increase the performance and efficiency. Parameters for testing – Power produced (at the wheels) Torque produced (at the wheels) Fuel efficiency These parameters were chosen because of the following reasons – Power produced at the wheel was taken, instead of engine power, because this gives an accurate idea of how the motorcycle will perform in the real world. It also includes the losses that will occur due to external conditions, and therefore will give a realistic feel to the test. Torque produced at the wheel was taken, instead of engine torque, because of the same reasons as above, that is, it will give an accurate idea of performance in the real world. Fuel efficiency is an obvious factor and a parameter to be considered, as most endusers will ultimately look at this for their decisions. It gives an indication of how well the engine is taking the modifications and will also represent whether the modification done is cost-effective or not. Specifications of modifications used – Results – Air filter modification For load testing, there is a 1.11sec difference in acceleration timings, in partial load conditions. Whereas, there is a 1.24sec difference in acceleration timings with full load condition. In both cases, the modified motorcycle’s timings were better. For the crispness of throttle, it was seen that the modified setup has a better crispness than the stock setup. For initial fuel efficiency, it was seen that the stock setup fared better than the modified setup. For the cold starting test, it was seen that there is no difference between stock and modified setup. Dyno test Synthetic Oil modification – For load testing, there is a 2.25sec difference in acceleration timings, in partial load conditions. Whereas, there is a 2.17sec difference in acceleration timings with full load condition. In both cases, the modified motorcycle’s timings were better. For the crispness of throttle, it was seen that the modified setup has a relatively better crispness than the stock setup. For initial fuel efficiency, it was seen that the stock setup fared better than the modified setup. For the cold starting test, the stock setup fared badly, whereas the modified setup. Dyno Test – Exhaust Muffler modification For load testing, there is a 2.1sec difference in acceleration timings, in partial load conditions. Whereas, there is a 1.65sec difference in acceleration timings with full load condition. In both cases, the modified motorcycle’s timings were better. For the crispness of throttle, it was seen that the modified setup has an extremely good crispness when compared to the stock setup. For initial fuel efficiency, it was seen that the stock setup fared better than the modified setup. For the cold starting test, it was seen that there is no difference between stock and modified setup. Dyno Test – Discussions – Air Filter – The modified setup performed better than the stock setup, because of the extra amount of air going into the engine cylinder. This allowed the fuelinjected to calibrate and add more fuel to the air-fuel mixture, thereby gaining power. In the modified setup, as there is no restriction, aside from the filter material, the engine was free to suck air to its maximum capabilities, allowing the fuel-injection system to inject more fuel, thereby increasing power and torque. This is seen as the constant increase throughout the power-band. The crispness of throttle was better in modified setup because the lesser obstruction in the intake system, which allowed air to be sucked in freely. Cold-starting was not affected because of the fuel-injected system, which automatically calibrates the appropriate amount of fuel to be injected in all conditions. Synthetic Oil – The modified setup performed better than the stock setup, as the synthetic oil gives better lubrication than the stock setup. This is due to the inherent nature of the synthetic oil, which provides better lubrication and wear-resistance throughout all temperatures with respect to stock mineral oil. The crispness of throttle was better in modified setup because the lesser friction, which allowed that engine to rev freely and quickly. Due to greater lubrication, lesser friction was present, thus minimizing friction losses, which attributed to the higher power and torque output in the modified setup. Cold-starting was better in modified setup, as the inherent nature of the oil made less viscous allowing it to start freely and quickly, compared to stock setup. The synthetic oil also kept the engine temperature lower than the stock setup, thus further helping it to work efficiently. Exhaust Muffler – The modified setup performed better than the stock setup, as the free-flow exhaust muffler allowed the exhaust gases to flow out more freely than the stock setup. This allowed the piston to have lesser load on it to push the gases out, therefore giving a higher power and torque output. This can be seen in the consistent increase in power and torque from 3500rpm. As the load on the piston decreased, the engine was allowed rotate freely, thus giving it a more free nature, whereas the stock setup constricted the engine very much. The crispness of throttle was better in modified setup, because of the free flowing gases in the exhaust system, which allowed that engine to push more and more gases out for the same rpm. Cold-starting was not much different compared to stock setup, as the starting depended on initial air-fuel mixture temperature, which doesn’t get affected by this modification. Final Conclusion – It depends on the end-user on whether he wants to do certain modifications. From the results and discussions, we can see a general increase in performance for all the modifications used, provided those are done under correct procedures. These results were fairly satisfying, and also laid to rest some of the general misconceptions that were attached to such modifications. Apart from power enhancing, the mini-project also tried to bridge the gap between the aftermarket modifications and the customer’s knowledge of it. Dealing with how the actual results of how a modification might work-out and whether their claims were correct. It is concluded that the manufacturer’s claims of increasing power and performance which are indeed true, But the manufacturer also claims increase in mileage which is not true since it comes with of a small drop of mileage. If the end-user can adjust with the drop, then they can find the modifications useful. References Effect of Intake air filter condition on vehicle fuel economy. By Kevin Norman, Shean Huff, Brian West United States Department of Energy. Synthetics vs Mineral Oils By A Jackson Exhaust Tuning on 4 stroke Engine; experimentation simulation By Gordon P Blair, D.O Mackey , G.F Chatfield Society of Automobile Engineers Internal Combustion Engines MIT Open Courseware Professor. Wai Cheng

The Atomic Bomb Essay -- Essays Papers

The Atomic Bomb The aftermath: Humanity, the Earth, Nature Some people often hear the word "Atomic Bomb" or hear about the cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki and picture a war torn city and a bomb that killed many. While they are right in connecting the two, the aftermath of the atomic bomb goes much deeper than that. By simply stating that it killed and injured thousands of people is an understatement. The damage from the bomb ranged from high temperature fires that scorched the land to the killing of fetuses due to in-utero radiation exposure. The atomic age, composed of complex and controversial issues, has forever changed the world and the way in which we live. The following is intended to illustrate that the bombing has changed the world and the immediate lives of the many killed and hurt in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The illustrations are an attempt to show the immense strength of one explosion and its ability to totally wipe out any given area. By showing all of the possible injuries that can occur from a nuclear e xplosion, it becomes visible that an atomic bomb is very complex in its destruction. Showing to be the fastest slaughter that we have ever observed, the bomb in Hiroshima killed about 280,000 civilians and 40,000 members of the military. For those not killed by the immidiate consequences of the bomb, radiation destroyed cells within the human body and still claims the lives of people today. It was estimated that by December 1945, around 140,000 people died from radiation related illnesses. One factor that created much immediate damage was the spread of the blast and its shock waves. In only ten seconds after the landing of the bomb i... ...about. In addition, the site provides a list of outside sources that are written about the atomic bombings. - Grolier Interactive Encyclopedia www.grolier.com/ History: WWII This on-line encyclopedia gives a very descriptive history of the atomic bomb. It shows the work that led up to the construction of the bomb and the several projects that led to the actual bombings. Finally, it tells the effects of an explosion and the significanse that the bombs played on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. - Hiroshima C-Das www.hiroshima-cdas.or.jp/ C-Das Major effects of atomic bomb This site provides yet another very informative array of facts. It was one of the most useful as it had a file that was almost a direct answer to the question that this paper applies, what were the major effects of the atomic bomb.

Lady Macbeth is the real villain of the play do you agree? Essay

In ‘The Tragedy of Macbeth’, Shakespeare portrays many negative themes through the acts of Lady Macbeth which show the audience that she is a real villain of this play. She holds a malicious agenda and many evil tendencies which separate her from the average individual, but this was only after interpreting the witched prophase. Thus, not only making her the only guilty villain in the play. Lady Macbeth is no more than an incarnation of evil. All of the acts she committed in the play were nothing else but for her selfish wants to gain power of the country and become queen. Her declaration that she would have ‘dash’d the brains out’ of her own baby if she were to become queen proves of her egotistical nature and heartless conscience. When she finds out the prophecies given to Macbeth to become king, she immediately acts to create a plan to murder the innocent and respected King Duncan of Scotland. ‘Unsex me here’: Lady Macbeth is referring to her Feminine nature and she is trying to say â€Å"Take away my feminine nature and take away my feelings so I feel no regret to helping kill King Duncan!†; There can be no sympathy for Lady Macbeth, she meant all that she did and put herself in front of all people around her. The key elements which make Lady Macbeth a villainous human being is her inhumane conscience and lack of compassion for her victims, her deceptiveness and her manipulation. The question of whether a person’s real state of mind is accurately reflected from there outside appearance (False appearances) is a key theme in Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is the primary culprit. She, as well as Macbeth show deceptive traits, pretending to be good whilst planning heinous crimes; ‘Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t’: She is telling Macbeth to look innocent, but under his fake appearance he is going to murder King Duncan. This false appearance of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is shown during the dinner feast when Macbeth is shocked to realise that Fleance had escaped and is still alive. Though this false impression exposed by Lady Macbeth had kept her innocence, her effort of burying her guilt is what had driven her mad and ultimately leading to her death; the cost of deception. Macbeth is most responsible for the evil done in the play owing to the fact that his killing of Duncan provokes the other murders and evil in the play. Although Lady Macbeth is a part of the murders that occur in Macbeth, she is not responsible for the evil done in the play. Lady Macbeth is a very cunning, manipulative character. When she hears about the witches’ prophecy of Macbeth becoming the future king of Scotland, she immediately demands Macbeth to murder Duncan so Macbeth could become king. Lady Macbeth successfully persuades him to kill Duncan by questioning his masculinity. Lady Macbeth puts the idea in Macbeth’s mind that he will be a coward if he does not commit the murder. After persuading him, Macbeth finally commits the murder. Thus proving that Macbeth was to weak and fragile to say no. All characters played a convincing and augmenting role which could reline the focus upon them as to who really is to blame. Macbeth was ambition and power greedy driving him to cause dyer tragedies with his wife by his side. The Witches caused nothing but trouble for Macbeth, his belief in them was so high it led to him becoming insecure. These are all the reasons and things that caused the tragic events in the story of Macbeth.

The Novel Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse †Informal Essay

The Novel Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse – Informal Essay Free Online Research Papers The Novel Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse Informal Essay The novel Siddhartha, written by Hermann Hesse, is about a young Brahmin, Siddhartha who has potential to be a prince among his caste members, and lives in India. During his youth, he grew up in a family that practices Hinduism, which they learn everything from their holy book only. The rituals and mantras they have taught Siddhartha and his best friend Govinda seem more a matter of custom than a real path that could lead to true enlightenment. He leaves his family to go with a group of Samanas, who are starved, half-naked, and must beg for food, but only because they believe enlightenment can be reached through asceticism, a rejection of the body and physical desire. He lived as a Samana for years. He mastered everything to reach the true enlightment; he was close to perfection. However, everything collapsed when he met Kamala and Kawaswami. When Siddhartha was attempting to master the material world, as he approached more, he became part of the material world, instead of becoming the true master of the material world. He was no longer skinny, naked Samana but a wealthy, fancy, greedy, and well-fed merchant. After recognizing that he had a dream to reach the true enlightenment, he left the city and went to Vasudeva, the ferryman, who told Siddhartha that he will return to him. Siddhartha confessed his sin, and started to mediate to reach the true enlightenment. After meditating for couple years, he met his old friend Govinda, who still follows Gotama but has not attained the kind of enlightenment that Siddhartha now neglects. Govinda came to see the sage man seeking for advice, and he didn’t recognize Siddhartha when he was giving Govinda advice. Through Siddhartha’s advice, two samanas found the true enlightenment that they have been looking for all of their lives. My favorite part of the novel was Siddhartha’s mind. To reach his goal, he did everything whether he had done it reluctantly or pleasingly even though he was quivering in the middle of the novel. His dedication to reach his goal was unbelievable. He ditched every pleasure that he could have received just to reach his goal. He was also extremely courageous in some aspects. He was courageous when the asked his father for permission to leave with a group of Samanas. Siddhartha lived in a society where younger people respected and adored elders. It was difficult for Siddhartha to go up to his father and get permission to leave with a group of Samanas. The least favorite part of the novel was the quivering moment of Siddhartha’s life. When Siddhartha met Kamala, he started to fall apart spiritually. Siddhartha fell in a love with Kamala, and she became more important than the true enlightenment. At the same time, Siddhartha was attempting to master the material world, as he approached more, he became part of the material world. Then he met Kawaswami who was a businessman. Which provoked Siddhartha to become a businessman. All of his effort and time to become a true enlightened samana became nothing. I was disappointed at Siddhartha he got affected by two people, who seemed like had no effectiveness at all. When I look myself and compare my faith with Siddhartha’s faith, mine’s nothing because I am not as dedicated, enthusiastic, and courageous as Siddhartha. If I were in Siddhartha’s situation, I wouldn’t talk to my dad to leave with a group of samanas even though I wanted to, because I am not extremely courageous. Also, I wouldn’t leave the city if I started to make money, and become rich. Only the dedicated ones could leave like Siddhartha did in my opinion. The novel made me to think of the number people who actually practice their religion as much as Siddhartha with same dedication, enthusiasm, and courage. In my opinion, Eight-Fold Path and Four Noble Truths of Buddhism is what they use it as guides to reach Nirvada, after their death. It works like Ten Commandments for Christians. I understand Eight-Fold Path and Four Noble Truths of Buddhism as Buddhism version of Ten Commandments. I think I will never be able to apply theses to my life unlike Siddhartha because I have to give up everything that I possess. The novel is well written. It made me to think what a human could do when they’re trying to reach goals. After reading the novel, I learned that human has unlimited power to do things. The unlimited power exists when you are mentality is set to do something. Research Papers on The Novel Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse - Informal Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West MeetThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMind TravelComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Spring and AutumnTwilight of the UAW

20 Ways to Laugh

20 Ways to Laugh 20 Ways to Laugh 20 Ways to Laugh By Mark Nichol Go ahead and try this (if you’re alone, that is): Explore all the varieties of laughter you can produce, and label each one. There’s an often-distinct word or phrase for each type. Here are twenty ways to laugh, and some related expressions. 1. (Be) in stitches: to laugh 2. Belly-laugh: to laugh in a deep, hearty manner, as if from the abdomen or in such a way that one’s abdomen moves from the exertion 3. Break up: to laugh as if helplessly 4. Cachinnate: to laugh loudly and/or obnoxiously 5. Cackle: to laugh harshly or sharply 6. Chortle: to chuckle or to otherwise laugh to express satisfaction or triumph 7. Chuckle: to laugh mildly and/or quietly 8. Crack up: see â€Å"break up† 9. Crow: to laugh derisively or gloatingly 10. Giggle: to laugh with short, repetitive sounds 11. Guffaw: to laugh boisterously and/or loudly 12. Hee-haw: a synonym for guffaw 13. Horselaugh: To laugh in a way suggestive of or in imitation of a horse’s neighing or whinnying 14. Jeer: to laugh disrespectfully or mockingly 15. Scoff: to laugh derisively or dismissively 16. Snicker: to partially suppress a laugh, as if to conceal one’s mirth 17. Snigger: an alteration of snicker, with the additional connotation of mischief 18. Split (one’s) sides: to laugh convulsively, as if continuing to do so will cause one’s body to rupture 19. Titter: to laugh in an affected manner, or nervously; also a synonym of snicker and snigger 20. Twitter: a synonym of giggle or titter, but also means to chatter or to tremble as if agitated One can howl, roar, scream, shriek, snort, or whoop with laughter. One can also be said to burst (or bust) out laughing, to convulse with laughter, to die laughing, and to be helpless with laughter, as well as to roll in the aisles (as if unable to keep from falling into the aisle while seated at a humorous performance). Other idioms include â€Å"laugh your head off† and â€Å"laugh yourself silly.† Can you think of any more words or idioms? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Ã¢â‚¬Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

The Homeless Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Homeless - Assignment Example In addition, homelessness can be caused by mental disorders, drug abuse and discrimination by the society due to certain reasons like sexual orientation. Some other people find themselves homeless owing to domestic violence, mortgage foreclosures, eviction by tenants and forced expulsion by government in order to set the land aside for other developments. The problem of homelessness was not existent in pre-historic times. Initially, human beings lived in traditional shelters such as caves, huts, and tents. Building these structures was easy and everyone could afford a dwelling because natural building materials were readily available and almost everyone knew how to build. However, during the modern times, the art of building became professional and expensive. Many individuals migrated to urban areas during the industrial revolution. Increased homelessness occurred because of higher land and house prices and strict housing codes. People who were unable to pay the exorbitant rental fees were evicted and, therefore, became homeless. Around 1500s, the homeless in England were punished because they were seen as unauthorized beggars. However, in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, they provided them with housing and training for jobs, instead of punishment in order to prevent them from over-relying on the state. The homeless people on the s treets in the United States increased after the American civil war (Bloom, 2005). More people were left homeless in the 1930s because of the Great Depression, which also resulted in increased poverty. In the 1970s, the homeless population increased due to de-institutionalization of people with mental illnesses. The psychiatric, outpatient, and social services that were promised to these people were not provided and, consequently, most of them ended up being homeless. In the 1980s, the number of homeless people increased

Evidence-Based Practice Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Evidence-Based Practice Project - Assignment Example It would be appropriate to get consent or approval for the potential subjects because most of them will not be of legal age. It would be appropriate to seek approval from the relevant institutions such as the school administration or the parents to ensure that the process of implementing the solution is legal and addresses issues of confidentiality and ethical consideration. This project will take about three to four months to carry out because there are several aspects that must be covered to ensure that the potential solution is well addressed in terms of risks and potential benefits. The timeline will cover aspects such as the identification of the population for study, identification of the potential study group, and selection of the subjects from the sample among other aspects. This will allow for proper decision-making on whether to fully implement the solution (Cooke-Davies, 2002). The implementation of the proposed solution will require different resources to ensure that it is done in the required manner. First, human resource will be required in terms of the subjects that will be used as the study participants. As already stated, these will be taken from teenagers. The human resource will also feature research assistants who will help me collect the data and results from the chosen group. Secondly, I will need fiscal resources to cover the expenses that will be needed for instance printing of materials, searching and looking for the echocardiography machines, movement when administering the research among others. Time will also be a resource, as it will be needed here. Changes might be needed in the implementation of the solution. For example, a study subject might decide not to participate at the middle of the intervention calling for inclusion of a new subject, the machines could not be readily be available or the fiscal resource could be limited. However, such changes will be determined in the

American Economic Association Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Economic Association - Assignment Example Others are from state, local and federal government. The organization publishes articles on applied economics, macroeconomics, microeconomics and economic policy. The organization normally hold three days annual meeting with other related organization in which they discuss various factors of economics (American Economic Association 1). Under macroeconomics, the organization focuses on studies concerning growth, aggregate fluctuations and functions of policies. According to Baumol & Blinder, the organization also carries out research and interacts with other fields like industrial organization, monetary theory, finance, labor economics, international economics, public finance and development economics (American Economic Association 1). The organization also studies economy-wide phenomena like Gross National Product and effects on national income. It also addresses changes in unemployment, price levels and rate of growth. For example, under macroeconomics, the organization studies the decrease and increase in net exports and its effects on a country’s capital account. The organization provides fundamental tools for various finance professionals and economists (Atif  & Trebbi 14). It also sets the stage for growth, progress and revision of existing

African American Experience Essay Example for Free

African American Experience Essay African Americans lived differently than white men did during the turn of the century. They faced many problems within the society. Some of the issues they faced were out of their hands. Although things were not the greatest all the time, there were supporters and organizations that they could turn to. Along with these organizations they had leaders that tried to help the race. Many African Americans became successful in the late 1920’s, and still to this day there are many African Americans that are successful. During the time period around the late 1870’s through the 1920’s many African Americans did not have good jobs. The majority of African Americans lived in the southern states. Many were sharecroppers who worked the land and gave the land owners part of the profit from the crops. African Americans were cheated out of money through this process most of the time. The African Americans did receive the right to vote before white women. African Americans faced many issues throughout these years. A series of laws were passed in the South to keep the African Americans at the lowest point possible in society. These laws were known as the Jim Crow Laws. Shortly after these laws were established segregation became legalized, and black codes that were abolished during the Reconstruction resurfaced and were supported in Plessy vs. Ferguson. This lead to African Americans being looked down on and equality far from reach. African Americans were not allowed to go to the same schools or drink out of the same water fountains as whites; they were even told where they could and could not live. This put a strain on the race and the way they had to live. Many African Americans were also stripped of their voting rights. In 1890 a poll tax was enforced. This meant that poor people, of both races, were not able to vote simply because they could not afford to. They also instituted a literacy test where you had to show that you were able to read and write. Many times African American college graduates failed the test, yet illiterate whites were some how able to pass. The responses to these issues were not good. They did not understand why they should be treated any differently from the whites. This led to riots and outburst throughout the country. After this, African Americans became the center of violent and cruel attacks. Lynchings were on an all time high in the late 1800s with more than a hundred African Americans being lynched per year. Law enforcement usually did nothing to stop these terrible acts and sometimes even participated. African Americans fled to the North during this time in search of better jobs and home lives for their families. Many organizations were formed during this time in hopes of ceasing the violence and bringing America to equality. Two of the largest influences were Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois. Both of these men had separate approaches with the end result being the same. Washington thought that equality would be achieved, but it would be a very slow and ongoing process. He wanted to concentrate on getting African Americans better paying jobs and a greater education. Du Bois believed that you should demand equality and stop at nothing to get it. He wanted better education, equal rights, and suffrage. Another well known advocate for African Americans was Ida B. Wells. She founded the anti-lynching movement that came into existence in the 1880s. This group set out to stop the violent acts aimed at African Americans. Wells’ goal was to make lynching a federal crime and keep the local law agencies from allowing and participating in hate crimes. White women from the North and some others supported this movement, but it wasn’t until the 1930’s that lynching became a federal crime. For a time, Wells published a newspaper, Free Speech. An angry mob of people burned down her office in Memphis, Tennessee and forced her to leave town. In 1891, Wells supported the strike of black cotton pickers. She was dismayed when fifteen of the cotton pickers were lynched. The whites sent a strong message that they were not going to conform to her desires and accept the equality of the African Americans for some time. With the end of the Civil War, the African Americans received freedom from slavery and gains some rights but lost many of those same rights a mere twenty years later . They had sacrificed much and did not give them up easily. Even though they were often defeated in court and often threatened with violence, a visionary group of leaders laid the foundation for the future successes of the civil rights movement. They founded important educational institutions and organizations to fight for civil rights and cultivated both a new generation of leaders and a growing number of writers, artists, and professionals who embodied Du Boiss idea of a talented tenth and who became increasingly active and effective in the 1920s. Almost a century later, African Americans are better accepted in society than ever before. There is less of a double standard and more equality thanks to the brave men and women who came before and strove to encourage, nurture, and raise their children to grow up in a more civil environment.

The Impact of Education on Economic Cost of Diabetes

The Impact of Education on Economic Cost of Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is undeniably a global epidemic. Development of drugs and other health care tools for the treatment of diabetes patients are in full swing all over the world, yet, little attention is given to the education of the diabetes patient. The availability of literature related to diabetes education in Saudi Arabia is very limited. Most literature and studies have focused on the prevalence of diabetes throughout the region. Diabetes education is of significant concern because of the detrimental effects of diabetes to the lives of the diabetic patients, especially in the economic and social aspects. Diabetes self-management education (DSME), if properly implemented and evaluated, can help improve glycemic control, self-care and emotional well-being and reduce the cost of care (Izquierdo, 2003). According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2009), some of the long-term goals of diabetes education are to decrease the burden for those at risk for or living with diab etes and their families; and to reduce the economic burden of diabetes at individual and societal levels. The government and health care sector plays a very important role in the proper guidance of the Saudi people. This paper explores the effects of health care education on the cost of diabetes mellitus treatment in Saudi Arabia. Research Statement Diabetes mellitus has already become the most common non-communicable disease in the world (Alwakeel et al., 2008). According to recent epidemiological data, the incidence of diabetes mellitus in many Arab countries is particularly high; the information about the prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia is rather limited, but it is clear that diabetes remains one of the most serious health issues in Saudi Arabia (Alwakeel et al., 2008). The current state of research shows that a multi-disciplinary approach to diabetes is a viable solution to the existing diabetes issues in Saudi Arabia (Udezue et al., 2005). Unfortunately, little or no information is provided about what diabetes is; how it works, and whether it can be cured and prevented. Al-Saeedi, Al-Dawood and Elzubier (2002) wrote that hundreds of diabetic incidents in Saudi Arabia are uncontrolled because they hold numerous misconceptions about diabetes and its treatment. These misconceptions have a detrimental impact on their treatment outcomes (Al-Dawood et al., 2002). This research is important because education could be a significant factor on diabetes prevention and management issues, and may play a role in finding a solution to the problem. Education may provide individuals with better awareness of preventive measures to avoid or control diabetes, and therefore also contribute to reducing the economic costs of diabetes mellitus treatment in Saudi Arabia. In addition, diabetes patients who have low income will be able to benefit from the more comprehensive education programs, and in effect improve their financial status (Izquie rdo, 2003). Given the seriousness and extent of the diabetes situation in Saudi Arabia and the existing gap in literature, there is an urgent need to explore the positive economic effects of diabetes education in Saudi Arabia. This research will also aim to prove the efficiency of diabetes education as a form of preventive health mechanism. The researcher expects that the results will lay the foundation for the development of sound medical educational policies in Saudi Arabia. Justification In 2010, Saudi Arabia ranks third in the global prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and second highest in terms of percentage of national healthcare expenditure on diabetes (Kalyani, 2010). According to Al-Dawood et al. (2002), the rate of treatment-related misconceptions in Western Saudi Arabia is high, which implies that there is a need for one-on-one level education to encourage better knowledge. In other countries, proper diabetes education has reduced the incidences of lower-extremity amputation, decreased medication costs and hospitalisation. Izquierdo et al (2003) compared diabetes education through telemedicine and that with in-person education. The study showed that both tools were accepted by the diabetes patients but the technology provided by telemedicine suggests that more diabetes patients can be educated when using this tool (Izquierdo, 2003). These literatures provide an overview of the current situation for Saudi Arabia with regards to diabetes treatment. There may be some parts of Saudi Arabia where the diabetes patients do not have the transportation to go to the Primary Health Care Centers (PHCCs). This proves that diabetes education must be a priority in health care in Saudi Arabia to decrease the prevalence of diabetes in the country and to decrease the treatment costs for diabetes. Research Objectives This research aims to: Determine the cost of diabetes treatment in Primary Health Care Centres (PHCC) Determine the impact of the cost of diabetes treatment to the patients Determine the effects of the economic impact on the immediate family of the patients Determine the methods being used in diabetes education in PHCC Determine the efficiency of diabetes education in PHCC as a form of preventive health mechanism Search for other possible tools that can be used to provide a better comprehensive diabetes education Methodology The research methodology done by Azab (2001) and Udezue (2005) in diabetic patients will be adapted and modified. Three Primary Health Care Centres (PHCCs) in one of the cities (Riyadh) of Saudi Arabia will be studied and the population of the diabetic patients in each PHCC will be recorded. The selected PHCC will be representative of the current situation of the diabetes treatment in that locality, but not necessarily the national situation. Therefore, increasing the number of PHCC under study in future researches will provide a more accurate situation of diabetes education in Saudi Arabia. This study will involve diabetic patients undergoing treatment in their respective PHCC as well as their families. The diabetic patient will be required to visit the PHCC for two consecutive months on a monthly regular appointment system and provided with diabetes education. During these visits, the fasting blood sugar (FBS) of the diabetic patients will be monitored and recorded. The diabetic patient and his family will be inquired with series of questions about their economic situation, family medical history, cost of medication and treatment, the type of diabetes education provided to them, the efficiency of the diabetes education and the changes they have made or observed during the course of the study. The diabetic patients will be classified according to gender and age group. The data of the patients will be obtained from the selected PHCC. Obtaining a stratified population, it is expected that the age group to where diabetes education has to be centered will be estimated. The interviews and questionnaires will also provide information on the economic effect of diabetes to the patient and to the family the patient belongs to. The economic effects will focus on the losses they have acquired due to the onset of diabetes, and the delineation of the diabetes patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s income from the basic everyday needs to the needed treatment and other medications. Sampling Frame The Primary Health Care Centre will be selected through systematic random sampling. A list of all the PHCC in Riyadh will be made and random selection of the three PHCCs will be done. This number will be used to select the representative PHCC. All the diabetic patients in the three selected PHCC will be considered as the representative samples for the diabetic population for Riyadh. Based on the study by Al-Nuaim (1997), prevalence of diabetes in the rural areas is lower than that of the urban areas. This suggests that the population being considered is a representative of the diabetic patients situated in the urban areas of Saudi Arabia. Method The study will obtain data by interviewing diabetic patients and their families and giving them a set of prepared questionnaires designed to provide the over-all economic situation of the household with a diabetic patient. Medical information and medical history of the diabetic patient will be obtained through the PHCC where they are registered. The fasting blood glucose level of the patient will be taken and recorded during the set appointment to evaluate the efficiency of the diabetes education which will be given to them. On the first month, the diabetic patients, and their families will be provided with diabetes education through one-on-one level of education, counseling and by using other types of media such as magazines, books and audio-visual presentations. The questionnaires will be handed out to them and data consolidated for evaluation. On the second month, which is the follow-up appointment, the fasting blood glucose level of the diabetic patient will again be taken and another set of questionnaires will be given. Interviews with diabetic patients and their families are necessary because this information provides a more realistic picture in the lives of the diabetic patient and their families. Although it may be difficult to obtain data in this manner since the patients will divulge aspects of their personal lives, the questionnaires will be able to suggest their lifestyle and their insights about the occurrence of diabetes in their home. The data for the cost of the treatment for diabetes will be obtained from the selected PHCC and the decrease or increase in the cost of treatment will be obtained through the questionnaires handed out to them. Ethical Issues The goals of diabetes education are to optimize blood glucose control, prevent chronic and potentially life-threatening complications, and optimize quality of life, while keeping costs within acceptable limits (Ozcan, 2007). Most of the cost studies were done in the healthcare sector and very few on the individual or their families. Ozcan (2007) found out that short term diabetes education has shown efficiency, and diminishes with long term diabetes education. This shows that diabetes education has to extend from the health care sector to the diabetic patient and to the families of the patients to guarantee a continuous treatment. Ozcan (2007) also pointed out the influence of the environment to the diabetic patient. This is indicative that the support of the people around the patient is significant to the welfare of a diabetic patient. In 2005, the system cost of haemodialysis in Saudi Arabia is SAR 1700 and most diabetic patients need this at least thrice per week (Udezue et al., 2005). Thus, the cost required by a single diabetic patient for haemodialysis alone, is about SAR 265,200 per year. This does not include any costs needed for treatment of other complications of diabetes such as blindness, amputations and hypertension. According to Udezue et al. (2005), the greater acceptability and effectiveness of one-on-one teaching versus group teaching may be cultural. The treatment misconceptions cited by Al-Dawood (2002) must also be corrected, if not eradicated. Therefore, diabetes educators should be highly skilled in the organisation of effective educational programmes. They should follow the literature and apply the latest information in their daily practice (Ozcan, 2007). The IDF has set guidelines for the health care sector to follow in order to provide a comprehensive and effective diabetes education for the patients (IDF, 2009). Areas which have limited access to or resources for diabetes education may opt to use telemedicine in order to help the diabetic patients, as suggested in the study by Izquierdo (2003). The Ramadan is a Muslim tradition which requires fasting. Although studies have shown that fasting reduces blood glucose levels, the complications due to diabetes may occur such as retinal vein occlusion (Elhadd et al., 2007). This has to be considered for diabetes education. Proper information dissemination and full understanding of the diabetic patient and their families is needed to make the treatment successful, and consequently reduce the cost needed for medication. Data Analysis Data analysis will have to determine the relationship between diabetes education, change in the blood glucose level of the diabetic patient and the estimated changes in the cost of the treatment. A two-month comparison of the blood glucose level and the cost needed for purchasing medicine will suggest the efficiency of the diabetes education. The level of glycemic control will be calculated using the criteria of The Scientific Committee of Quality Assurance in Primary Health Care as done by Azab (2001). The data of the stratified population will provide a statistics of the age group that requires the most education. In addition, the efficiency of the educators will also be estimated. This will provide a baseline for the quality of diabetes education being given to the diabetic patients. The evaluation of the educators will also determine the need for proper training of the educators, as well as an upgrading or improvement of the tools that the PHCCs have. This study will require the studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s t-test to determine if certain outlier data will have to be considered. Timeline for the Research This research study requires preparation of the venue and participants for the study, which includes formal letters to the possible PHCCs and permission from the diabetic patients. Proper orientation of the diabetes educators will also be considered. The materials for the determination of blood glucose level also have to be prepared and the resources have to be properly allocated. Time for the actual conduct of the method, data gathering and evaluation, and report generation will also be considered. Table 1 shows the timeline for this research. The Type of Community Participation This study will focus on the diabetic patient, the immediate family of the diabetic patient and the people involved in the selected Primary Health Care Centre. Thus, this study does not necessarily require community participation. The family members of the diabetic patient will be the only people involved in the study. Secondary data may also be taken to verify and supplement information. However, this does not require the participation of the community that they belong to. All the participants will be considered to represent the urban community of Saudi Arabia. This study will require the participation of the different health professionals in the selected PHCCs. The multi-disciplinary approach done by Udezue (2005) will be adapted for the role assignments of the people who will participate in diabetes education. The study conducted aimed to optimize diabetic control by teaching about diet, exercise, medications and other practical diabetic management issues (Udezue et al., 2005). The team for diabetes education will be led by a consultant physician; and its members will be a group of health professionals with knowledge and interest in proper diabetes self-management. The diabetes educators of the selected Primary Health Care Centre will play a very important role to the success of this research. The knowledge or information they will provide will determine the changes in the lifestyles of the diabetic patients. Re-training and re-evaluation of the diabetes educators may be necessary to provide a more standardized diabetes education at the t ime of the study. This will minimize variations in the information being disseminated to the diabetes patients and their families. Diabetes nurse educators will provide general teaching, insulin injection technique and hypoglycemia recognition and treatment, and exercise. Social workers will assess family life, schooling and cultural and socio-economic barriers; dieticians will provide education on practical diet, food availability and preferences and exercise; nurses will provide patient registration and screening and the consultant physician will give general directions and guidance as overall coordinator. Focus of the diabetes education will be on exercise, diet and medication, as these three factors are the most affected by an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lifestyle. All participants, namely: the diabetic patient, family members and the diabetes educators will have to be properly oriented of their roles on this research before the conduct of the study. Importance of the Research In the study by Al-Ajlan (2007), he defined diabetes mellitus as a group of metabolic disorders with multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbance of carbohydrate and fat, resulting from insulin defect in secretion or action. Education has always been a fundamental need in our everyday lives. This does not count out the need for diabetes education. Diabetes education should determine the target population, assess educational needs according to ethnic background of the community and education level of the target group and identify the resources to tailor the appropriate program (Al-Ajlan, 2007). The economic burden of diabetes does not only affect the individual patients and their families but the state and health services as a whole. Saudi Arabia is estimated to spend between 620 and 1,142 million ID; and according to WHO records, almost one Saudi diabetes mellitus person is costing the government about $800 per month. The annual cost of treating diabetes in Saudi Arabia is about $9.6 billion (Al-Ajlan, 2007). The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) emphasizes that diabetes-specific education is required for diabetic patients and the healthcare personnel. The proper training of the healthcare personnel is essential to improve the outcome of the treatment for the diabetic patient. At present, diabetes self-management education has become an integral and critical part of the lives of the diabetic patient (Ozcan, 2007). Some studies presented major barriers to diabetes management such as low resources and the receptivity of the patients due to cultural differences (Elhadd et al., 2007). These matters can be addressed properly if the government provides enough resources, specifically on the training of diabetes educators. Other countries have already tried to use technology as a means to improve diabetes education for the treatment of diabetes patients. An example of this is the use of telemedicine. Some studies have shown that using telemedicine to provide diabetes education through counseling resulted in brief and effective interventions that supported lifestyle behavioral changes (Hayes et al., 2001). In the study done by Klonoff (2009), the use of telemedicine as a tool for diabetes education helped the health care providers communicate better with their patients and lower the cost needed for health care of the diabetic patient. Through this technology, the diabetes patient does not have to burden the cost of transportation just to get to the PHCC. The diabetes educator, on the other hand, will be able to accommodate more patients since the use of telephone will provide access to areas which may be underserved (Izquierdo, 2003). Hence, telemedicine may provide a brief yet comprehensive diabetes ed ucation to the diabetic patients of Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia, and consequently, the cost of diabetes treatment, can be reduced by proper education of the people about diabetes. This does not only involve the diabetic patient, but also the people who influence the lifestyle of a diabetic patient (Ozcan, 2007). People with diabetes tend to be less productive in their lives due to the cost of their medications and complications of the disease. Therefore, proper guidance, through diabetes education is the best tool to improve their productivity. This undertaking requires both the health care sector and the intervention of the government to be able to guarantee its success. The governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s initiative to improve the services provided by the health care sector will provide benefit to more diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia. A decrease in the prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia, and those that require diabetes treatment will improve both the individual and national economic status.

The Power of Music :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Power of Music When talking about human beings developing and music, music is one of the areas of organization arranging stimulli in patterns of deep meaning and influence, that stands at or very near the apex of humanness. Music is an evolutionary contributer to human beings. For example, crude tools have been found and evidence indicates that the Zinjanthropus ( an early progenitor of man) used them in Eastern Africa about 1.7 million years ago. Part of any human being's culture is music. Music has a biological basis as well as a cultural basis. Einstein stated, " The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible." In other words, without the comprehensibily of the outside world there would be no music. The full fruit on our potential for humaness can never be attained unless we grow and develop within a rich musical environment. Music is simply innate, humans cannot escape the formation of esthetic constructs. Music is a need for expression and communication. Now a days more and more thrapy clinics, be it for psychlogical or physiological purposes, are using music as therapy. As music, being a form of human behavior itself, has its own unique and powerful influence. Understanding of human behavior and specifically music therapy will profit most from a multidisciplinary approach. Music is known to benefit handicapped and ill persons by helping them change their behavior. Music Itself elicits these behavioral changes. By using music and persuation, then , the ultimate goal--to bring about desirable changes in behavior --is attempted. again psychologically speaking, in depressed older adults, music therapy has been a positive contributer. Discriptive and experimental studies have documented effects of music on quality of life, involvement with the environment, expression of feeling, awareness and responsiveness, positive associations, and socialization. Music therapy and listening is able of providing a relaxing, positive stimullis for mood change and stress reduction. Further more, it may provide palliative coping strageties for the relief of pain and anxiety. An experiment was done where music listening techniques as a part a therapy were administered in the home setting with great ease and comfort. Participants enjoyed this form of therapy. The experimant sh owed how music listening stragaties may be useful to distressed individuals. Music just doesn't have positive affects on adults only. According to research, tunes in music may help babies breath better. According to a Prevention Magazine, in a recent 3-day study researcher used baby-sized walk-mans to play lullbies into the ears of 10 premature babies in the Intensive Care Unit.

Humanism during renaissance

Renaissance is a term used to describe ‘rebirth' (in French), which began in Italy in late middle age and then spread to other parts of Europe. During the Renaissance people to question the Scholastic methods of that time and their questioning resulted as the birth of humanism. Humanism goes along with secularism in the sense that it makes humans beings, not God, the centre of attention. People began to do things because they enjoyed them rather than for God's glory. It was responsible for the change in the medieval education system, emphasizing on rational and racial thinking.Humanism emphasizes on the importance of knowledge, as well as on the potential of the individual and civil responsibility. This concept of humanism became the core of renaissance style. It was in this age that people began to reason and think rationally. Even the term used for the Renaissance philosophers, ‘humanists', shows how the focus of the people's attention had shifted from Heaven and God to this world and human beings. Individualism takes humanism a step further by saying that individual humans were capable of great accomplishments.Renaissance philosophers saw humans as intelligent creatures capable of reasoning (and questioning the authority) rather than being mindless pawns helplessly manipulated by God. Humanism profoundly affected the artist community and how artists themselves were perceived. The medieval mind viewed artists as humble servants whose talent and ability were meant to honor God. This is evident in the work of medieval artists adoring churches and cathedrals. Renaissance artists, in contrast, were trained intellectuals – well versed in the classical and mathematical principles.And the art that they created reflected this newfound perspective. In art, linear and aerial perspective developed and artists considered their canvases to be windows to the natural world. Their task became to portray the natural world as realistically as possible. Renai ssance art portrayed the human body as a thing of beauty in its own right and not like a medieval comic strip character whose only reason to exist was for the glory of God. People were often conceived as nudes covered in real fabric rather than the medieval concept of clothes with a head and ands showing.Painters eliminated extra features and details so that the viewer's attention would focus on the theme of the painting rather than be distracted by details. Paintings became balanced and started to express emotions. During the middle age, saints in paintings wore halos around their heads; saints would also look larger in size than the humans. As humanism became popular the size of the saints began to look more human, halos became fainter and then eventually disappeared. The media of art evolved as well. Early paintings were usually done with egg tempera, which dried fast and created a flat rough surface.Oil paint was introduced in the early 1 5th century, and became immensely popula r as it dried slowly and was translucent, allowing light to shine through the paintings. Humanism freed remarkable individuals and geniuses such as Leonardo ad Vinci to live up to their potential without being held back by the medieval society that discouraged innovation. Other ways in which individualism is seen during Renaissance is that the artists started signing their paintings, thus showing individualistic pride in their work.During the Renaissances, architects trained as humanists helped raise the status of their profession from skilled laborers to artists. Renaissance architecture shows clarity as it emphasizes on clean lines, geometrical shapes, symmetry, and was very systematical. When comparing the Gothic architecture and the renaissance architecture, the Renaissance architecture seems to be more practical in terms of height, and spacing. As in the classical world, Renaissances architecture is characterized by harmonious form, mathematical proportion, and a unit of measur ement based on human scale.Patrician man The drawing is based on the ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitreous. He describes the human as the principal source of proportion among the classical orders of architect. The image of the man exemplifies the blend of art and science during the Renaissances. An example of the proportions found in the Patrician man – The drawing the length of the outspread arm is equal to the height of a man, from the hairline to the bottom of the chin is one tenth of the height of the man, and from below the chin to the top of the head is one eight of the heights of the man form.Above the chest to the top of the head is one- sixth of the height of the man form and from above the chest to the hair line is one – seventh of the height of the man. The maximum width of the shoulder is a quarter of the height of the man. Temple fronts. His keen understanding and observation of classical architecture is al so seen in the Church of Santa' Andrea in Mantra. The columns in this building are not used decoratively but functional as lord bearing support. For Albert', architecture was not Just creating building but to give a meaning.